Automatic Night Lamp Using a Transistor

Published on Apr 02, 2024

Abstract

In some cities and villages, sometimes street lights glow in day time without any reason. In mining regions people face many difficulties due to absence of light in the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many problems due to damaged street lights. For solving these problems, we create a device in which the lights glow in night and in day time, they get switched off automatically and don't glow. Due to use of it, we can solve above problems and can also save electricity.

Objective

To construct an automatic night lamp using a transistor and LDR

Theory

1. Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the transistor which is heavily doped;

Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly doped;

Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the transistor which is moderately doped;

A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of thin layer of n-type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick layers of p-type semi-conductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer p-type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick layers of n-type semi-conductor.

In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is used.

n-p-n junction transistor

2. CARBON RESISTOR:

A carbon resistor has generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In project, we use carbon resistance of 1M ohms and 330 ohms.

3. LDR:

LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to complete the circuit.

Night Lamp

4. LED:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. In this project, we use led of white colour

5. BATTERY:

This is a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top. In project, we use 9-Volt battery.

6. WIRES:

A wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. These are used to connect components.

7. BREADBOARD:

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics.Because the solderless breadboard does not require soldering, it is reusable.

Materials Required:

1. A n-p-n transistor;

2. Breadboard;

3. Resistors:330Ω, 1MΩ

4. Connecting Wires;

5. LED;

6. LDR;

7. 9V Battery;

Principle

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on the presence of quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases, according to quantity of light which falls on it. If LDR places in darkness, the resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and darkness changes its resistance is depending on the different types of LDR.

Procedure:

• Take a breadboard and connect its two halves

• Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.

• Connect an NPN transistor on the breadboard with its three legs (Emitter, Base, Collector) inserted in three different columns of the breadboard.

• The emitter of the transistor is grounded.Connect one leg of a 1 MΩ resistor to the base of the transistor, and its other leg to any different column of the breadboard. Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.

Automatic Night Lamp